Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature selection

Inclusion	Exclusion
• Peer-reviewed journal articles• Publications written in English	• Books, book chapters, research reports, conference proceedings, and theses• Publications written in languages other than English
• Digital simulation–based studies• Studies that applied simulations in climate change instruction, training, or professional development and evaluated learning outcomes or changes	• Stand-alone role-play or board-game–based simulations that did not incorporate a digital simulation model• Studies that did not apply simulations in instructional or training contexts (e.g., studies on simulation development processes; simulations used solely for experiments or data analysis purposes)