| Data type | Text-based, experimental, or numerical datasets | Dynamic, spatially referenced geospatial data |
| Data interaction | Static datasets with limited manipulation | Real-time, interactive, and layered geospatial visualization |
| Inquiry process | Follows a stepwise, controlled process | Requires iterative exploration, hypothesis testing, and re-examination of spatial relationships |
| Analysis type | Non-spatial correlations and trends | Spatial patterns, overlays, and geostatistical modeling |
| Decision-making | Draw conclusions based on generalized data | Use location-based evidence to support problem-solving and argumentation |